Manufacturing catalyst-coated membranes by ultrasonic spray deposition for PEMFC: Identification of key parameters and their impact on PEMFC performance

This study deals with the manufacturing of catalyst-coated membranes (CCMs) for newcomers in the field of coating. Although there are many studies on electrode ink composition for improving the performance of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), there are few papers dealing with electrode coating itself. Usually, it is a know-how that often remains secret and constitutes the added value of scientific teams or the business of industrialists. In this paper, we identify and clarify the role of key parameters to improve coating quality and also to correlate coating quality with fuel cell performance via polarization curves and electrochemical active surface area measurements. We found that the coating configurations can affect the performance of lab-made CCMs in PEMFCs. After the repeatability of the performance obtained by our coating method has been proved, we show that: (i) edge effects, due to mask shadowing - cannot be neglected when the active surface area is low, (ii) a heterogeneous thickness electrode produces performance lower than a homogeneous thickness electrode, and (iii) the origin and storage of platinum on carbon powders are a very important source of variability in the obtained results.     

Synthesis and characterization of ZnO NRs with spray coated GO for enhanced photocatalytic activity

Zinc oxide nanorods, ZnO NRs, were synthesized on a clean glass and coated with graphene oxide (GO) using spray coating method to enhance the photocatalytic activity in wastewater treatment. The ZnO NRs were synthesized using the solution process synthesis that was optimized using Taguchi method. Several synthesis parameters have been optimized and studied to determine the best synthesis parameter to grow ZnO NRs for the photodegradation of organic contaminants. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with EDX, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, ultraviolet visible near-infrared (UV-VIS-NIR), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies were used to investigate the structural and optical properties of the produced nanorods. FESEM images revealed the vertical growth of ZnO NRs as well as layers of GO covering the ZnO NRs' top surface. The Raman study demonstrates the combination peak of GO and ZnO, hence proving the GO layer's successful coating. After the GO coating, decrease in the bandgap of the synthesized photocatalyst was detected by PL and UV–Vis absorption measurements. Under UVC exposure with treatment time of 6 h, the degradation of MB with ZnO NRs/GO photocatalyst reached a degradation percentage of 97.86%, which is greater than the degradation percentage achieved using pristine ZnO NRs, which is 93.28%. The results validated that the coating of GO enhances the photocatalytic activity of the host material, ZnO NRs.     

Stem Photosynthesis—A Key Element of Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) Acclimatisation to Salinity

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) is a leguminous plant of outstanding tolerance to abiotic stress. The aim of the presented study was to describe the mechanism of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) photosynthetic apparatus acclimatisation strategies to salinity stress. The seedlings were cultivated in a hydroponic system in media containing various concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, and 100 mM), imitating none, moderate, and severe salinity, respectively, for three weeks. In order to characterise the function and structure of the photosynthetic apparatus, Chl a fluorescence, gas exchange measurements, proteome analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis were done inter alia. Significant differences in the response of the leaf and stem photosynthetic apparatus to severe salt stress were observed. Leaves became the place of harmful ion (Na⁺) accumulation, and the efficiency of their carboxylation decreased sharply. In turn, in stems, the reconstruction of the photosynthetic apparatus (antenna and photosystem complexes) activated alternative electron transport pathways, leading to effective ATP synthesis, which is required for the efficient translocation of Na⁺ to leaves. These changes enabled efficient stem carboxylation and made them the main source of assimilates. The observed changes indicate the high plasticity of grass pea photosynthetic apparatus, providing an effective mechanism of tolerance to salinity stress.     

Identification,Phylogeny, and Comparative Expression of the Lipoxygenase Gene Family of the Aquatic Duckweed,Spirodela polyrhiza,during Growth and in Response to Methyl Jasmonate and Salt

Lipoxygenases (LOXs) (EC 1.13.11.12) catalyze the oxygenation of fatty acids and produce oxylipins, including the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and its methyl ester, methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Little information is available about the LOX gene family in aquatic plants. We identified a novel LOX gene family comprising nine LOX genes in the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza (greater duckweed). The reduced anatomy of S. polyrhiza did not lead to a reduction in LOX family genes. The 13-LOX subfamily, with seven genes, predominates, while the 9-LOX subfamily is reduced to two genes, an opposite trend from known LOX families of other plant species. As the 13-LOX subfamily is associated with the synthesis of JA/MeJA, its predominance in the Spirodela genome raises the possibility of a higher requirement for the hormone in the aquatic plant. JA-/MeJA-based feedback regulation during culture aging as well as the induction of LOX gene family members within 6 h of salt exposure are demonstrated.     

Spray dryer processed graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide for high-performance supercapacitor

This study deals with the utility of mini spray dryer process to improve the dispersibility, of graphene oxide(GO) and its application for high-performance supercapacitor. Initially, the neutral solution of GO was obtained using the modified Hummer's method. After this, the prepared GO solution was processed by mini spray dryer to obtain a more purified, lighter, and dispersed form of GO which is named as spray dryer processed GO (SPGO). The SPGO thus obtained showed excellent dispersibility behavior with various solvents, which is not found in case of conventional oven drying. Furthermore, utility of SPGO and its reduced form (r-SPGO) for supercapacitor applications have been investigated. Results obtained from the cyclic voltammetry(CV) analysis, impedance, and charge-discharge behavior of supercapacitor fabricated using r-SPGO shows enhanced features. Therefore, the simple spray dried GO and its reduced form, that is, r-SPGO can be utilized as a potential candidate for the supercapacitor application. Herein, as synthesized SPGO exhibited the specific capacitance of 12.07 and 37.6 F/g with PVA-H₃PO₄ and 1 mol/L H₃PO₄, respectively, at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. On the other hand, reduced form of SPGO, that is, r-SPGO showed the specific capacitance of 27.16 and 230 F/g with PVA-H₃PO₄ and 1 mol/L H₃PO₄, respectively.     

喷射成形Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金挤压态的组织和力学性能

研究了利用喷射成形辅以挤压制备Al-5.72Zn-2.36Mg-1.66Cu合金后优化的组织结构特征和力学性能。结果表明,合金基体组织均匀细化,晶粒形貌趋于圆整,平均晶粒大小达到10 μm左右。当合金的冷却条件通过快速凝固技术改变时,会产生不同程度的固溶强化效果和第二相弥散强化效果,从而改善了合金的整体性能。合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别平均提高了20%左右,且伸长率也略有提高。     

载铜树脂处理高含盐氨氮废水的性能

针对高含盐氨氮废水，选择具有不同功能基团的树脂为载体，进行负载Cu2+改性制得载铜树脂并对其处理高含盐氨氮废水的性能进行研究。在筛选出最佳载铜树脂的基础上，研究pH及Na+浓度、树脂投加量、反应时间对载铜树脂处理高含盐氨氮废水效果的影响，通过对吸附氨氮前后的载铜树脂进行SEM和EDS表征分析并构建吸附动力学模型以进一步探究配位吸附的过程。结果表明，Cu2+可与螯合树脂D751稳定结合且在宽pH值下均表现出耐盐性和良好的氨氮吸附效果；在室温(25℃)、pH=11及Na+浓度4 g/L、树脂投加量8 g/L、反应时间60 min的条件下，D751载铜树脂对氨氮的去除率为34.8%。D751载铜树脂吸附氨氮后其表面出现明显的晶状结构物质，该物质可能为铜氨络合物。D751载铜树脂对高含盐氨氮的吸附符合准二级动力学模型。     

Inhalation risk of indoor aerosol spray products commercially available in Bangladesh

Today, urbanised people spend most of their time in indoor environments, and the risk of exposure to toxic materials in an indoor environment is of great concern. This paper considers sources for the inhalation risk of aerosol sprays by measuring the particle size distributions of some of the most popular products that are commercially available in Bangladesh, and examines the degree of toxicity and the health risk via the respirability of the products. Results show that thoracic and respirable fractions of the suspended particulate matter are present in the tested samples and hence the spray products may pose a significant health risk.     

海水淡化用空心锥喷嘴喷淋性能理论及实验研究

设计开发一种具有高通量、低流阻特征的空心锥喷嘴,并通过理论与实验方法研究空心锥喷嘴的喷淋性能,基于准自由涡理论建立空心锥喷嘴内部流体流动的数学模型,阐明流量系数、喷淋锥角、喷嘴流量与喷嘴结构参数之间的定量关系,并利用多效蒸馏海水淡化喷淋实验台对理论计算结果进行实验测试和验证。研究结果表明:正常工作状态下喷嘴流量系数、喷淋锥角、喷淋流量等参数理论值与测量值之间的误差小于5%,验证了设计模型的准确性。同时根据实验测试数据,拟合得到该类型空心锥喷嘴喷淋锥角与雷诺数之间的经验公式,可为蒸馏海水淡化用大流量空心锥喷嘴的结构设计、工艺选型提供理论指导和数据支持。